The advantages and disadvantages of Bureaucracy or Civil Service constitute the permanent and professional part it plays in the public sector. The Bureaucracy is the key executive organ of government. It works together with public administrators to effectively execute the policies. This article articulates how the advantages and disadvantages of a bureaucracy affect non-political or politically neutral bureaucracy.
Other words for bureaucracy include civil service, public servants, public service, civil servants, government service, government servants, and officials of government. According to Max Weber, bureaucracy refers to government officials, executives, and non-political executives. These also describe the people who carry out the day-to-day administration of the state. The terms ‘Bureaucracy’ and ‘Civil Service’ are popular synonyms.
Bureaucracy runs the administration of the state according to the policies and laws of the government’s political executive. The quality and efficiency of bureaucracy depend on the quality and efficiency of the state administration. It, however, works under the leadership and control of the Political Executive.
Characteristics of bureaucracy by Max Weber
Significantly, German socialist and founder of bureaucracy Max Weber defined 6 main characteristics of bureaucracies listed below.
1. Hierarchy
Hierarchy is a type of system that shows arrangements or departments from above and below. These can also be at the same level, giving or receiving instructions. Hierarchy further allows employees to understand and follow the chain of command from top to bottom.
It serves as an important decision-making point with reference to who has more legitimate authority. Managers and administrators need hierarchy in order to effectively carry out their duties. In addition, companies need a hierarchy to help managers hold employees accountable.
2. Job Specialization
Job specialization is defined as a process and knowledge employees gain through education, training, and experience to enable them to become professionals at on particular job. Further, it is important in an organization because it provides skilled workers who are able to fulfill their daily activities.
3. Division of Labor
Division of labor is important and essential for economic progress. It promotes efficiency and effectiveness in an organization and reduces the total cost of products due to its element of specialization. Each employee has a specific task and target hence enhancing productivity, and promoting efficiency by dividing separate tasks and responsibilities.
4. Procedures
Procedures are important to any organization and its processes. They come in the form of policies and together provide direction for daily operations. For example, in the United States, bureaucrats help the senate in policymaking, reforms, and monitoring. Procedures enhance good conduct in an organization, regulate employee performance, provide terms of service and improve decision making while boosting internal processes.
Organizational and workplace procedures outline specific required action plans among employees. Meanwhile, workplace procedures and policies are very important for educating employees on how to handle certain issues and compliance measures.
5. Recruitment on merit
The recruitment on merit process consistently applied in an organization increases professionalism. Accordingly, it’s a notion that promotes fairness, brings about diversity, and demands integrity among managers in their duties.
Recruitment based on merit means decisions to employ and selection must be solely based on qualification criteria. Therefore, this produces a more efficient system. Human resource managers must advocate for reduced bias through an effective process, fairness, and an open structure with dedicated employees.
6. Fairness
Bureaucracy also brings about exemplary impartial and just treatment among employees. In sum, bureaucracy, people’s behavior, and conduct are regulated without favoritism. Fairness in the bureaucratic process is important because it reduces discrimination by treating each individual in a similar manner. The same rules and punishment apply to everyone, despite their position and status.
Top 20 Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy in organizations
The advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy by Max Weber can be noticed almost everywhere in government buildings, especially in bureaucratic management. The importance of bureaucracy in public administration is that it ensures all regular tasks are performed and classified as official duties. Moreover, bureaucracy in the public sector imposes rules and regulations for everyone without favoritism.
Bureaucracy also introduces rules that delegate authority of the management to distinguish between top and lower management in order to improve efficiency. This is one of the major importances of bureaucracy in an organization. Bureaucracy further demands bureaucrats to be highly disciplined and abide by the rules, upholding ethical values.
Advantages of bureaucracy by Max Weber
1. Running of Administration duties:
The key responsibility of Bureaucracy is to run the day-to-day administration in accordance with the policies, laws, rules, regulations, and decisions of the government. The political executive simply exercises guiding public functions, hence bureaucracy is very important for controlling and supervising functions.
2. Division of labor:
Division of labor makes work easier and leads to specialization. One cannot discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy without discussing the need for division of labor. Organizational charts show and ensure an efficient flow of information in an organization and help employees know who to report to. The division of labor allows people to get to know each other across the organization.
3. Efficiency:
Work is efficiently performed under the supervision of immediate managers in the hierarchy and competency increases.
4. Accountability and answerability:
Common citizens can hold government officials and bureaucrats accountable for the actions they perform in the course of dispensing their duties. The organization is answerable in case something goes wrong.
5. Decision-making:
Hierarchy provides for a top-down management structure. Decisions generally come from managers to supervisors and so on down the ranks of the organization.
6. Rules and regulations:
Clearly stated rules and regulations, in most cases, allow for greater adoption within the bureaucratic structure. This reduces the scope of non-adherence to the framework of rules and protocols.
7. Efficiency in administration:
Efficiency provides for a more rationally arranged structural hierarchy, making administration easier. In a bureaucratic structure, this results in; maintaining control of management, making necessary adjustments, and introducing a new set of rules easier in a large-sized organization.
8. Role in Legislative Work:
Civil servants play an important but indirect role in law-making. For example, civil servants draft bills that ministers submit to the legislature for law-making. With the help of civil servants, ministers provide all the information asked for by the legislature.
9. Role in Public Relations:
The era of the modern welfare state and democratic politics has made it essential for the government to keep close relations with the people of the state. The need for maintaining active and full public relations is a vital necessity for every state. Civil servants also play an active role in this sphere.
They are the main agents who establish direct contact with the people. They serve as a two-way link. On the one hand, they communicate all government decisions to the people, while on the other, they communicate to the government the needs, interests, and views of the people. Thus, Bureaucracy plays a vigorously active and highly important role in the working of the government.
10. Collection of Government Taxes:
Civil servants play a vitally important role in financial administration. Specifically, they advise the political executive in respect of all financial planning, tax structure, tax administration, and the like. These servants also collect taxes and settle disputes involving the recovery of taxes. Further, they play a vital role in preparing the budget and taxation proposals. To conclude the advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy, they carry out the function of granting legally sanctioned financial benefits, tax reliefs, subsidies, and other concessions to the people.
Disadvantages of Bureaucracy of bureaucracy by Max Weber
1. Poor efficiency of services and goods:
A bureaucracy creates numerous rules and laws that must be followed to the benefit of all. As a result, this slows down processes and systems. Additional rules and laws can be added at virtually any time to cause delay, hence complicating the workloads that people must endure.
This may include additional forms to fill out, new filing regulations, or new evaluations that must be conducted. It is a process that fosters safe productivity but limits the true productive potential of individuals and departments.
2. Expenditures determine projects:
A budget cycle for a bureaucratic structure is an annual event. As a result, money is available for the current cycle only. If it is not used, then the expenditures will not be accounted for in the next budget cycle. This creates a policy where people and departments spend money so they can have it in the following budget. It is an incentive to waste money by spending it on needless things so a budget increase can be guaranteed.
3. Huge difference in employee salaries:
Workers, from the top of the chain of command to the bottom, are considered equal members of the team, but they do not get paid the same wages and salaries. A major problem of Bureaucracy is the disproportionate salaries, with those in top management getting paid greater than the average worker. For example, the average CEO salary in the US is more than 100 times the salary of a junior worker.
According to a report released in 2021 for wages in the USA, people higher up on the chain of command are typically paid more than $50,000 per month, while the average US worker made $30,000.
4. Red tape:
Bureaucracy, by its very character, follows a certain set of rules and regulations. As a result, this imparts a lack of flexibility and can often lead to inefficiencies. Accordingly, government bureaucracies have become inefficient mazes of red tape that waste taxpayers’ money. As a result, expertise and industriousness no longer characterize government bureaucracies. Further, this red tape wastes taxpayers’ money, thwarts accountability, and acts against the public interest.
5. Bureaucratic delays in delivery of services:
The complicated set of rules in a bureaucratic system often causes long delays. People become focused on adhering to rules instead of increasing their production.
6. Nepotism:
Nepotism in bureaucracy is often a problem. The managers sitting on top may favor their own people and help them rise quicker than more deserving individuals.
7. Bureaucratic corruption:
Corruption in the higher rungs of bureaucracy can be very disastrous to the economy. What’s more, is that it comes in many different forms and is present in every country.
8. Paperwork increases the cost of materials:
Even very simple work requires a lot of paperwork. As a result, the process of getting work done in a bureaucratic system is costly because it relies on the old traditional model of administration and not modernized methods. Every annual budget comprises material costs for papers, printers, ink, and computers. Further, the value of these depreciates after a certain period of time. As a result, bureaucracy can be cumbersome and rules and regulations often are given greater pressure on annual budgets than the end result.
9. Compartmentalization:
Jobs are divided across categories, restricting opportunities for collaboration and performing tasks in other categories. For bureaucrats, compartmentalization is a psychological defense mechanism. Therefore, it keeps conflicting thoughts and feelings separated.
10. Decision-making:
Decision-making in bureaucracy is based on a certain set of rules and regulations. Moreover, this rigidity often leads to opting for programmed decisions without exploring innovative approaches.
READ: Public administration(Woodrow Wilson)
Examples of a Bureaucratic Organization
The command structure of a bureaucratic organization takes the form of a pyramid with a high degree of formality in the way it operates. Organizational charts generally exist for every department. Bureaucratic Organizations also have strict command and control structures present at all times to ensure good government and service delivery. Optimistically, bureaucracies are orderly, fair, and highly efficient. This is one of the key advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy.
Here are real examples of Bureaucratic organization:
1. Government
2. Colleges and Universities
3. Police Departments
4. Motor Vehicle Departments
5. The registrar’s office
6. Fire Department
7. Health Institutions
8. Power Authorities
9. Correctional Facilities
10. Schools
Related Readings
Guardian is an education platform providing learning guides, management, accounting, business, and student content. We also suggest you check out other interesting articles similar to the Advantages and disadvantages of bureaucracy below.
- Characteristics of a democracy
- Importance of New Public Management
- Public choice theory
- Management And Leadership(Differences)
- Role of Public Administration in Democracy